![]() 500 men are reported to have frozen to death on 21 January. In 1643 or 1644, Prince Rupert made an abortive attack on the Parliamentarian stronghold of Aylesbury England. In 1520, the decisive Battle of Bogesund between Sweden and Denmark occurred on the ice of lake Åsunden. In 1242, the Teutonic Order lost the Battle on the Ice on Lake Peipus to Novgorod. Pre–18 March Across the Belts in the Second Northern War Recent cold-weather conflicts have occurred in the Himalayas. During World War II several actions took place above the Arctic Circle. Northern and Eastern Europe were the venues for some well-documented winter campaigns. ![]() Some have occurred above the Arctic Circle where snow, ice, and cold may occur throughout the year.Īt times, cold-or its aftermath, thaw-has been a decisive factor in the failure of a campaign, as with the French invasion of Russia in 1812, the Soviet invasion of Finland in 1939, and the German invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II. Historically, most such operations have been during winter in the Northern Hemisphere. Mountain warfare often takes place in cold weather or on terrain that is affected by ice and snow, such as the Alps and the Himalayas. Cold-weather warfare, also known as arctic warfare or winter warfare, encompasses military operations affected by snow, ice, thawing conditions, or cold, both on land and at sea, as well as the strategies and tactics used by military forces in these situations and environments.Ĭold-weather conditions occur year-round at high elevation or latitudes, and elsewhere materialize seasonally during the winter period.
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